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生産性向上を実現する7つの取り組み|実践のポイントと注意点を解説 | HRドクター | 株式会社ジェイック 生産性向上を実現する7つの取り組み|実践のポイントと注意点を解説
生産性向上はすべての企業が取り組むべき課題です。メンバーの待遇改善、成長や改善への投資、企業存続の原資、これらは生産性の向上から生み出されるものです。
記事では生産性向上を実現する7つの取り組みと実践のポイント、注意点などを紹介します。
<目次>
生産性向上が必要な理由
各企業にとって生産性の向上は非常に重要なテーマです。生産性は、企業にとって利益の確保、メンバーの待遇改善などに直結するものです。社会的に見ても、日本の生産性が先進国の中で低位にとどまっているというニュースを見たことがある人も多いでしょう。
日本の生産性が低い原因は「合理化が進まない」「求められているサービスの質が高すぎる」「労働時間が長い」などが挙げられます。少子高齢化社会となり、労働人口が絶対的に減少している中で国力を維持するためにも、生産性の向上は重要な問題です。
そもそも生産性とはなにか?
まずは、生産性の意味や業務効率化との違いを確認します。
生産性とは?
生産性とは「投入した資源に対してどの程度の成果を出せたのかの比率」を指すものです。数式にすると以下のとおりです。
- 生産性 = 成果(アウトプット)÷ 投入した資源(インプット)
10の資源をインプットして、20の成果をアウトプット出来たら、生産性は2。同じ10のインプットで生産性が30になれば、生産性が3に向上するということです。数式を見てイメージできる通り、生産性向上のアプローチは、大まかには「同じ投入資源でより大きな成果を出す」か「投入資源を減らして同じ成果を出す」のどちらかです。
業務効率化との違いは?
業務効率化は、一般的に「同じ業務成果をより少人数や短時間で出せるようにする取り組み」を指します。したがって、業務効率化は「投入資源を減らして同じ成果を出す」という生産性向上アプローチの一つです。おもに労働生産性や時間生産性と呼ばれる生産性指標の向上で用いられます。
企業でよく使われる2つの生産性の考え方
企業でよく使われる生産性の考え方は大きく2つあります。
労働生産性
労働生産性とは、インプットを「労働者1人あたり」や「労働(稼働)1時間あたり」などにした場合の生産性です。単純な例としては ”5人で粗利5000万円” の企業であれば ”労働者1人あたりの年間粗利:1000万” や、”8時間で40個の製品を作っている” 工場であれば ”労働1時間あたりの製造量:5個” というのが労働生産性です。
労働生産性の中でも、「労働者1人あたりの年間粗利」などは従業員の待遇等に直結する指標です。現場でもイメージしやすく、生産性向上に取り組む際には指標にしやすいといえるでしょう。
なお、労働生産性の分子、すなわち成果を考える際には「付加価値労働生産性」と「物的労働生産性」という2つの考え方があります。
<物理労働生産性>
物理労働生産性とは、売上や重さ、個数といった総量を成果として測定する生産性です。例えば、工場での生産やオペレーション作業の生産性向上などに取り組む際には思考しやすいといえるでしょう。
<付加価値労働生産性>
付加価値労働生産性とは、売上ではなく実際にそのプロセスで生み出した価値、すなわち付加価値を単位とする生産性のことです。前述した「労働者1人あたりの年間粗利」などは、付加価値労働生産性の考え方に基づく指標です。
付加価値労働生産性、と書くとイメージしにくいかもしれませんが、例えば、Web制作やシステム開発の業態では、売上は大きいものの実は赤字といったプロジェクトも存在します。また、同じ企業でも ”商社部門” と ”コンサルティング部門” では粗利率が違い過ぎて、メンバー一人あたりの売上で比較しても意味がありません。
このような場合、売上ではなく付加価値で計算することで、比較が可能になりますし、真の生産性が分かると考えられます。ただし、付加価値をどう計算するかという設定や計算の手間が発生します。
資本生産性
資本生産性とは保有している資本1単位に対してどれだけ効率的に価値や付加価値を生み出せたかあらわすものです。値が高いほど効率的に資本、持っている財産を活用して収益を生み出せているということになります。おもに経営や会計、投資などの視点で利用される生産性です。
その他の生産性
生産性の概念は前述のとおり「成果物(アウトプット)÷ 投入資源(インプット)」です。この考え方を踏まえて、生産性向上に取り組みたい分野で、最適な生産性の指標を導入して、改善に取り組むことが大事です。
例えば、マーケティング分野では、ROASという指標が良く使われます。これはReturn On Advertising Spendの頭文字で、日本語に訳すと広告の費用対効果です。”広告経由で生まれた売上÷広告費” で計算される指標で、プロモーション活動の生産性を示す指標となります。
このように生産性の指標には様々なものがあります。大きく企業全体の生産性をみる場合の指標、現場で実際に改善に取り組む際に使える指標などは変わってきますので、状況に合わせた生産性指標を活用していきましょう。
補足:全要素生産性
生産性指標のひとつとして、全要素生産性という指標もあります。全要素生産性は経済学の分野で使われる用語です。一般的な生産性の概念を、産業や国の生産性といった概念に当てはめたものが全要素生産性です。
細かな計算式は省略しますが、国や産業の全要素生産性が伸びていれば、投入する資源や労働力が増えた以上に生産効率が上昇している状態で、技術革新や生産の効率化などが全要素生産性の伸びに寄与すると考えられています。
生産性向上に取り組むメリット
業種や業態に関わらず、すべての企業にとって生産性向上に取り組む意義があるものです。ここでは生産性向上によるメリットを4つ紹介します。
- コスト削減
- 人手不足の解消
- 利益の増加
- メンバーのモチベーション向上
コスト削減
いわゆる業務効率化や生産効率の改善を実現できれば、残業代や原材料などを削減できるためコストが低下します。より少ない投入資源で同じ成果を出せる状態です。
人手不足の解消
生産性が向上すれば、少ない人数でも成果を出せるようになります。これもより少ない投入資源で同じ成果を出すというアプローチです。今まで10人でしていた成果を5人で出すことができれば、当然メンバー一人あたりの生産性は2倍向上することになり、人手不足の解消と同時に、メンバーの待遇改善につながります。
利益の増加
生産成功の向上によって利益を確保することで、企業は製品サービスの改良や新サービスの開発、設備投資、規模の拡大など、さまざまな新規投資を実施することができます。
利益は企業にとって最終目的ではありませんが、企業活動を継続したりより良くしたりするためには利益は不可欠です。利益を増加させる手法の一つが生産性の向上です。
メンバーのモチベーション向上
前述のとおり、時間生産性や労働生産性の向上は、労働時間の圧縮や待遇の改善余地につながります。メンバーのワークライフバランスや待遇が改善されると、モチベーションやさらなる生産性の向上が期待できるでしょう。
生産性向上を実現する4つの方向性
生産性向上を実現するためうえでは、基本となる方向性を知っておくとよいでしょう。生産性向上の方向性は、大きく分けると以下の4つです。
- 投入資源の縮小
- 投入資源と成果の縮小
- 成果の拡大
- 投入資源と成果の拡大
投入資源の縮小
投入資源の縮小とは、アウトプットする成果量を維持しながら、効率化やコスト削減を進めて投入資源を減らすやり方です。いわゆる業務効率化のアプローチで、現場で最もイメージしやすいものです。
投入資源と成果の縮小
投入資源と成果の縮小とは、生産性の悪い部分を切り捨てるやり方です。成果の絶対量も減少しますが、それ以上にコストを大きく削減することで生産性を高めます。
生産性という文脈とは少し違いますが、例えば、企業が経営再建する際に行なうリストラクチャリングなどは、これに該当する考え方といえるでしょう。一種の均衡縮小であり、事業の拡大や成長に直接的には寄与しませんが、力を溜めたり、新たなところに投資する資源を生み出したりすることができます。
成果の拡大
投入資源は維持しつつ、成果を増やす方針です。大きくは2つあります。一つはメンバーのスキルアップ、IT等による自動化、インフラ投資等による効率化、業務プロセスの見直しなどの改善的なアプローチです。
もう一つはより生産性が高いビジネスモデルへの資源移動などによって成果の拡大を目指すアプローチです。後者は、例えば製造業が卸と小売り店経由の流通を縮小して、ECによるメーカー直販に力を入れていくといったことをイメージするとわかりやすいでしょう。
投入資源と成果の拡大
投入資源と成果の拡大とは、投入資源を増やし、それ以上に成果を拡大させるという方向性です。例えば、注力事業に資源を集中させることで成果を大きく伸ばす、などがこの方向です。
これも生産性とは違う文脈になりますが、ベンチャーやスタートアップが成長期にVCなどからキャッシュを調達して飛躍的な成長を目指すのも同じ考え方です。企業の新規事業への投資などもこの考え方に近く、一種の投資活動ともいえます。当然、期待するほどの成果が出なければ生産性は向上せず、むしろマイナスになるリスクもあります。
生産性を向上させる7つの取り組み
ここでは具体的に生産性を向上させる取り組みを紹介します。おもに以下の7つです。
- 業務の洗い出しと可視化
- 業務の標準化
- 業務プロセスの見直しと自動化、外注
- 設備投資
- メンバーの育成や組織開発
- 適材適所への配置
- ビジネスモデルの刷新
業務の洗い出しと可視化
業務効率化のアプローチを考える際に、まず基本となる施策が「業務の洗い出しと可視化」です。業務を洗い出して可視化することは、メンバーのコスト意識や効率化につながります。また、業務のボトルネックや生産性が低い箇所を見つけだすことで、改善に取り組めるようになります。
業務の標準化
業務の洗い出しに続いて、“メンバーによって手順がバラバラになっている”ような業務を見直して標準化することも生産性向上に役立ちます。標準化する過程で、不要な工程を止めたり業務を改善したりする余地も考えましょう。
頻度や業務量が多い業務から優先して標準化に取り組むと効果的です。標準化することで、業務を分業して生産性を高めたり、また次に紹介する業務プロセスの見直しや自動化、外注等ができたりするようになります。
業務プロセスの見直しと自動化、外注
業務プロセスの見える化などができたら、具体的な業務プロセスの見直しに入ります。業務プロセスの見直しはECRSと呼ばれる業務改善の原則に沿って考えるとよいでしょう。
ECRSの法則とは以下の頭文字をとったものです。上から順番に考えることで業務プロセスの改善や効率化につながります。
- ①排除(Eliminate):業務をなくすことができないか?
- ②結合(Combine):業務を1つにまとめられないか?
- ③交換(Rearrange):業務の順序などを入れ替えることで、効率化できないか?
- ④簡素化(Simplify):業務をより単純にできないか?
業務プロセスの標準化、見直しを実施したうえで、自動化や外注を導入するとベストです。これまで人が行なっていた作業をシステム・ツール導入によって、効率化・自動化してみましょう。
システム・ツール導入は人手不足を解消する目的にも有効です。システムやツールではなく、外注やアウトソースして社員がより付加価値の高い仕事に集中することも検討できます。
設備投資
最近ではIT化による自動化が注目されますが、製造業や物流などでは設備投資による生産性向上もよく実施されています。工場や物流施設などの大規模投資でなくても、使っているツール、店舗や作業場内のレイアウト・導線見直しなども設備投資の一種と考えてみると、自社で展開できる施策がいろいろと思い浮かぶかもしれません。
メンバーの育成や組織開発
メンバーのスキルが上がれば、同じ時間で実施可能な作業量が増え、生産性が高まります。研修や社内勉強会の実施、資格手当の導入などでスキルアップを支援しましょう。
また、個人個人のスキルアップ以外に、チームビルディングの実施、社員間交流の促進、ミッション・ビジョンの浸透などの組織力を高めるアプローチも大切です。
適材適所への配置
メンバーの強みを最大限活かせる部署へ配置することも生産性向上につながります。適材適所と紐づけて、キャリア自律や強みの活用が実現すると、メンバーのモチベーション向上による生産性向上も期待できるでしょう。
ビジネスモデルの刷新
より生産性が高いビジネスモデル、成長分野などに投資したり、投入資源を動かすことで生産性を高めたりできます。ビジネスモデルの変革はここまで紹介したような改善(KAIZEN)のアプローチと比べて、飛躍的に大きな生産性向上につながる可能性があります。ただし、もちろん失敗の可能性もありますので注意も必要です。
生産性向上が成功した企業例
続いて、実際に企業で生産性が向上した事例を解説します。
日本航空株式会社
フリーアドレスの導入と20時完全退社等のルール策定により、1人あたり約2時間/日の時間外労働を削減しています。具体的には、固定電話を廃止し社員に内線ができるスマートフォンを配布、Wi-Fi環境を整備しフリーアドレス化を図りました。また、18時30分以降の電話・メール禁止、20時までには完全退社などのルールを策定し残業削減を実現させました。
ファイザー株式会社
世界的な製薬メーカーであるファイザーでは、メンバーの生産性向上を目的としてe-ラーニングシステム、またオンライントレーニングを導入しました。その結果、1年で160万ドルのコスト削減と、4.5日かかっていた販売担当者へのオリエンテーションが2日未満で実施できるようになりました。
生産性向上を目指すときの注意点
生産性向上には注意すべき点が3つあります。
- メンバーの理解を得られるようにする
- マルチタスクは避ける
- 付加価値を生み出す工程には注意する
メンバーの理解を得られるようにする
施策を実施する前に、現場の意見を聞きましょう。数値的に改善されても、現場が理解・賛同できていない施策は、モチベーション低下につながる恐れもあります。また、現場に負荷がかかる生産性向上は長続きしない傾向にあります。生産性向上がメンバーの待遇改善等にもつながることを理解してもらったうえで、メンバーを巻き込んで進めましょう。
マルチタスクは避ける
マルチタスクとは、同じ人が同時に複数の業務を担当することです。生産工程の多能工化(同じ人が複数の生産工程を担う)は、同じ人が一貫して製造を担当したり、繁閑期のギャップを吸収したりできるようにする効果があります。
しかし、ホワイトカラー等の業務で、同じ人が複数の業務を並行して担当するマルチタスクは集中力の低下を招き、結果的に生産性を押し下げる場合もあります。
付加価値を生み出す工程には注意する
生産性向上を業務効率化のアプローチで検討する際には、ひとつ注意が必要なポイントがあります。それは一見効率が悪いように見える工程のなかで、付加価値を生み出しているプロセス、競争力につながっているプロセスがあることです。
分かりやすい事例でいうと、喫茶店をイメージしてください。席間にゆとりをとって、ゆったりして居心地がいい空間を売りにしている喫茶店が、業務効率化のために「今までよりも席数を増やすことで、空間の生産性を高めよう!」とすると、どうなるでしょうか。
席間が狭くなって雰囲気が雑然とすることで魅力を失って、既存顧客の流出につながってしまうかもしれません。上記はイメージしやすい事例ですが、このように一見すると非効率なプロセスや、従業員に与えられた“ゆとり”が付加価値を生んでいたりする場合もあります。
一律に業務効率化するなかで、こうしたプロセスを無暗に効率化してしまうと逆効果ですので、注意が必要です。
まとめ
生産性向上は、収益の増加、従業員の待遇改善、新たな投資等をする原資を生み出すもので、企業にとって大切なテーマです。生産性向上のアプローチは「同じ投入資源でより大きな成果を出す」か「投入資源を減らして同じ成果を出す」です。
従業員の負荷、また一見すると非効率な中で生み出されている付加価値などには注意する必要がありますが、記事で紹介した7つの取り組みを実践することで、生産性は確実に向上させることができます。地道な取り組むとなる部分もありますが、ぜひ中長期的に継続することで、生産性向上に取り組んでください。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック執行役員
古庄 拓
WEB業界・経営コンサルティング業界の採用支援からキャリアを開始。その後、マーケティング、自社採用、経営企画、社員研修の商品企画、採用後のオンボーディング支援、大学キャリアセンターとの連携、リーダー研修事業、新卒採用事業など、複数のサービスや事業の立上げを担当し、現在に至る。専門は新卒および中途採用、マーケティング、学習理論
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