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「新卒採用 3つの課題」【知見メール242号】|採用|HRドクター|株式会社JAIC 「新卒採用 3つの課題」【知見メール242号】
新卒採用 3つの課題
皆様、ジェイックの知見寺(ちけんじ)でございます。
2週間くらい前から先週中頃まで、上海では連日青空が続いていました。
夜、星をみることもできました。
私が、3年前から上海に行くようになってから、初めてのことです。
上海では、「G20ブルー」と言われています。
日本でも、同じような報道があったのでしょうか?
相当広範囲にわたって、工場の操業を止めていたそうで
その影響を受けている日系企業も少ならずあると聞いています。
大気汚染の原因を中国政府は掴んでいると思いますが、
日常は、実体経済を維持することの優先順位が高いのでしょうか?
さて、今回は、最近読んで大変勉強になった本を
ご紹介させていただきます。
この8月から、日本の業務も担当することとなりました。
それは、新卒採用に関するサービスです。
私は、社会人になって初めて配属されたのが人事部でした。
また、メインの仕事が、新卒採用と中途採用でしたので、
私のキャリアの中心は採用活動となります。
一方、日本の採用活動は、上海に行く前から離れていましたので
5年くらいのブランクがあります。
そこで、長年の知人である私立大学のH教授に
久しぶりにお会いして最新の情報を教えていただきました。
その際、H教授から薦められた本が、
新潮選書 服部泰宏著 「採用学」
です。
著者の服部先生は、現在、横浜国立大学大学院の准教授です。
「採用」に関して、今、最も注目されている学者です。
この本の趣旨を、序章から抜き書きします。
「会社が採用という活動について深く考えるための
切り口を紹介したいと思う。
具体的には、科学によって導かれた良質な
(1)『ロジック(ものごとの成り立ちに関する説明)』と、
(2)『エビデンス(データの分析によって明らかにされた、
ものごとの実施に関する証拠・根拠)』を紹介すること、
それをもとに、
(3)自社の採用を見直し、再構築するための『考え方』を、
皆さんにお届けすることを目指す。」
全260ページの本書の中で、
ご紹介したいと思ったことを、以下、抜粋します。
アメリカの産業組織心理学者のジョン・ワナウスは、
個人が組織に参入し、そこでうまくやっていくためには
少なくとも2つのマッチングが必要になると指摘している。
一つ目は個人が会社に対して求めるものと、
会社が提供するもの(仕事特性、雇用条件、組織風土など)
とのマッチング。いわば、「期待のマッチング」
期待のミスマッチは入社後の幻滅につながり、
結果、社員の職務満足や組織へのコミットメントの低下、
そして離職可能性の増大をもたらす。
一方、期待のミスマッチは、必ずしも
入社後のパフォーマンスの低下にはつながらないし、
期待のマッチングを達成されたからといって、
仕事業績が高くなるわけでもない。
入社後の業績と直結するのは、
ワナウスが指摘する二つ目のマッチングである、
能力のマッチングのほうだ。
学生がもっている能力と、企業が必要とする能力のマッチングを指す。
能力のマッチングは、入社後の個人の業績を直接説明するわけだが、
これが入社後の満足や組織へのコミットメント、
そして離職可能性に対して与える影響は、間接的なものでしかない。
一言でマッチングというけれども、
それには少なくとも二つの種類があるということ、
そしてそれぞれのマッチングが、
それぞれ異なった結果を生むという事実がまず重要だ。
日本での採用研究を積み重ねる中で、
ワナウスがあげている二つのマッチングに加えて、
もう一つ、日本独自のマッチングがあると考えるようになった。
いわばフィーリングのマッチングとでも呼ぶべきものだ。
会社説明会にやってくる採用担当者やリクルーターの様子、
さらには採用面接の面接官の雰囲気など、
学生は募集と選抜のそれぞれの段階において接する社員を見て、
その企業の雰囲気を敏感に感じ取っていく。
採用担当者もまた、そうしたプロセスの中で、
学生と自社との相性を判断していく。
学生と採用担当者が、お互いに「この相手とは合いそうだ」
「一緒に働いてみたい」といった、
いわば主観的な相性におけるすり合わせを行うことがある。
それがここでいう、フィーリングのマッチングだ。
このフィーリングのマッチングを、
日本では得てして期待や能力のマッチングよりも
優先させてしまいがちである。
フィーリングのマッチングが採用担当者やリクルーター、
面接官とのやりとりといった限られた情報に
基づくものであることを考えると、
これが入社後の幻滅につながり、職務満足やコミットメントの低下、
そして離職へとつながる危険性は十分にあるのだ。
新規大卒採用の問題は、ワナウスがあげている
二つのマッチング「期待」「能力」がともに曖昧であること。
企業は募集段階で、個人が会社に対して何を期待し、
反対に会社が個人に対して何を期待するのかということを明確にしない。
その証拠に、2008年の矢野経済研究所による
「学生の就職に関する『意識・実態』アンケート調査報告」によれば、
学生が「企業の実態(社員の本音/残業時間/悪い情報)」や
「市議との中身・キャリアステップ」
そして、「給与・福利厚生」について、
会社の提供する情報が不十分であると示されている。
多くの場合、募集段階においても選抜段階においても、
期待のマッチングを図るために
本来必要であるはずのこうした情報が十全に開示されず、
学生は採用後にはじめてそうした点について
理解をすることになっているのだ。
さらには、多数のエントリーを募るために、
「募集段階では自社に関するネガティブな情報を
開示することをできる限り控え、
ポジティブな情報ばかりを提供してしまう」
ことが大きな問題である。
企業の募集広告や採用説明会の資料には、
「わが社はグローバルな人材育成に力を入れている」
「若手のころから、活躍できる場を提供している」
といったポジティブで魅力的なフレーズが数多く登場する。
フレーズに嘘はないのだろうけれど、
そうしたメッセージが若い学生に与える影響は重大だ。
多くの学生は、そうした情報によって、
企業に対するポジティブな印象をもち、
期待に胸を膨らませてエントリーする。
当然、エントリー数は増加し、
企業としてはしてやったりかもしれない。
誰も好き好んで、自社のネガティブな
情報を出すようなことはしない。
ポジティブで魅力的なフレーズに彩られた募集広告は、
学生と企業のフィーリングによるマッチングを
促進するかもしれないが、
それは他方で、もっと重要な期待のマッチングの
問題を覆い隠してしまう。
多くの新入社員が、きわめて曖昧で、
時に非現実的ですらある期待を抱いて、
会社の門をたたいてしまう理由はここにある。
曖昧で不透明なのは、期待だけではない。
新卒者に対する日本企業の評価基準に関して、
経団連の調査によれば、
最も多くの企業が選抜時に重視すると回答した項目の
第1位は、「コミュニケーション能力」(82.8%)であり、
これは同調査において6年連続で第1位を占めている。
第2位は、「主体性」(61.1%)、
第3位は「チャレンジ精神」(52.9%)
以下、「協調性」(48.2%)、「誠実性」(40.3%)と続く。
「コミュニケーション能力」
「主体性」「チャレンジ精神」
「協調性」「誠実性」・・・
考えてみると、どれも曖昧だ。
たとえば、「コミュニケーション能力」と聞いて
具体的に思い浮かべることは、人によって様々だ。
なんとなくわかった気にはなるだろうけれど、
それが具体的に何を意味するのか、
何をもって「コミュニケーション能力が高い」と
判断するかという段になると、途端に怪しくなる。
グループ面接における発言回数の多さを
コミュニケーション能力と捉える人がいる一方で、
それを「遠慮のなさ」、
つまりコミュニケーション能力の低さと
捉える人がいるかもしれない。
曖昧な評価基準の設定が、担当者による解釈の多義性を生み、
それが採用結果の分散につながるというプロセスを通じて、
最終的に企業が採用する人材から少しずつ乖離していく。
問題はさらに根深い。
「コミュニケーション能力」「主体性」「チャレンジ精神」
「協調性」「誠実性」といった能力は、
確かに曖昧で、多義的ではあるのだけれど、
これらは同時に、非常にわかりやすくもある。
より正確に言えば、わかった気になりやすい。
「主体性が高い」とはどういうことか、
正確な解釈においては、多義的ではあっても、
私たちは何となく理解している。
だから、本来それほど「主体的」ではない学生も、
企業の募集要項のひとつに「主体性」とうたわれていれば、
可能な限り「主体的な人間」に見られようとするはずだし、
そこそこ器用な学生であれば、
ある程度「装う」ことだってできてしまう。
結局、実際の採用面接においてみられる
「主体性」や「コミュニケーション能力」は、
「フリをしている」可能性を考えると
企業が本来知りたいそれとは
大分乖離しているということが十分にありうる。
人材がどのようなキャリアを歩むかということについても、
入社後の仕事ぶりや人間性など時間をかけて見極め、
少しずつ確定させていくことになる。
採用担当者ですら、実際のところどのような能力を
検出すればよいのかということを、
深いレベルで理解するのは難しいのだ。
そこで採用側としては、仕事に直接必要な能力や技術そのものではなく、
「将来的にそうした能力を高いレベルで
身につけるであろう可能性」を推測する、
という発想にどうしてもなる。
企業が設定する評価基準が「コミュニケーション能力」のような
曖昧なものに収斂していくと、
同じような基準つまり同じ求職者をめぐって
複数の企業がしのぎを削ることになる。
その結果、複数の企業から内定を得る学生と、
どの企業からも声がかからない学生というように、
就職活動における格差が拡大していくことになる。
以上のことから、新卒学生を採用する
責任者・担当者が取り組むべき課題は、次の三つである。
1)現在の「曖昧な期待」と「魅力的な情報」によりかかった採用は、
学生にとっても企業にとっても良くない結果を生んでしまう。
ただ、企業としては募集段階から
選抜段階そして採用決定までにいたるまでの間、
学生を惹きつけ、つなぎ止めておく必要があることも事実だ。
それでは、募集段階、そして選抜段階において、
求職者の期待をどうマネジメントし、
マッチングを図っていけばよいのか。
2)自社の社員として必要な能力を、
どのように定義し、どのように測定すればよいのか。
3)日本の採用は、同じような評価基準により、
同じような「優秀さ」をめぐるきわめて同質化した競争になっている。
とはいえ、日本企業の中には、
新しい採用のあり方に挑戦し、
他社とは違う、独特の採用を打ち出しているところもある。
「新しい採用」のあり方とはどのようなものであり、
そうした企業においては、なぜ、どのようにそれが可能になったのか。
今回のメールは、大分長くなってしまいましたので、
上記の3つの課題について、
具体的な策を知りたい方は、
「採用学」を是非お読みいただければと思います。
1)の「期待のマッチング」について、
どうすればよいのか知りたい方は、
p89からの
「第3章 なぜあの会社には良い人が集まるのか」をお読みください。
2)の「採用時に求める能力」について、知りたい方は、
p121からの「第4章 優秀なのは誰だ?」をお読みください。
3)の「新しい採用方法」について、知りたい方は、
p153からの「第5章 変わりつつある採用方法」をお読みください。
「採用学」
詳細は、アマゾンのこちらから。
今後行う採用活動のご参考になれば、幸いでございます。
追伸
上記で紹介した「フィーリングのマッチング」を科学的に分析し、
可視化できるようにしたツールがあります。
フィーリングを「組織風土」と「職質」に区分します。
「職質」とは、職務毎にある特性のこと。
「組織風土」は7つの評価軸、
「職質」は「必要とする特性」「仕事への動機」「求める組織行動」
の3軸で、自社と応募学生とのマッチング度が評価されます。
担当者の感覚に頼っていた「フィーリング」を
・科学的に検証された評価軸に基づいて
・数値
で、提示されます。
「うちに合いそうだね」という感覚を、
客観的に判断・把握できるようになること(ツール)に
関心がありましたら、
「フィーリングの資料希望」と明記いただき、本メールに返信ください。
折り返し、資料をメールにてお送りさせていただきます。
尚、明日から中国は中秋節でお休みのため、
資料は来週お送りさせていただきますことをご了承ください。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック 執行役員|上海杰意可邁伊茲企業管理咨詢有限公司 副董事長
知見寺 直樹
東北大学を卒業後、大手コンサルティング会社へ入社。その後、株式会社エフアンドエム副本部長、チャレンジャー・グレイ・クリスマス常務取締役等を経て、2009年ジェイック常務取締役に就任。総経理として上海法人(上海杰意可邁伊茲企業管理咨詢有限公司 )の立ち上げ等を経て、現在はHumanResourceおよび事業開発を担当する。
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