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目標管理シートの活用法|正しい作り方と効果を上げるポイントとは?| HRドクター | 株式会社ジェイック 目標管理シートの活用法|正しい作り方と効果を上げるポイントとは?
企業が成長する上では、経営計画や事業計画を確実に実現していくことが必要であり、そのためにはゴールへ向けて全員の努力を促す必要があります。目指すべきゴールに向けて、メンバーの方向性を揃えるために役立つのが「目標管理シート」です。
記事では目標管理シートとはどのようなものか、目的やメリット、正しい作り方や効果的な運用を実現するポイントなどを解説します。
<目次>
目標管理シートとは
目標管理シートは、設定された目標、達成計画、進捗や達成度などのプロセス、目標達成時のフィードバックまでを1枚のシートにまとめたものです。目標設定から達成、振り返りまでのプロセスを“見える化”して効率的に管理するためのツールです。
「目標管理制度(MBO)」の一環として利用されることが多く、国内では1990年代後半から導入され始め、成果主義の広がりと共に普及するようになりました。
目標管理シートは、Excelやスプレッドシートなどの形式で作成されるケースが一般的で、フォーマットを印刷した紙に直接記入することもありますし、最近ではクラウド型の目標管理ツールやアプリなどを導入して運営する企業が増えています。
目標管理シートを導入する目的
目標管理シートを導入する目的は、組織と個人の目標達成力を高めることです。
組織と合意した個人の目標達成に向けて、個々のメンバーがセルフマネジメントしやすくします。目標達成に向けて計画を立てて実行して、進捗状況を管理するために目標管理シートはとても便利なツールになります。
組織の視点で見れば、目標を設定したとしても、達成に向けてしっかりした動きが取れなければ目標管理はうまくいきません。目標管理シートを作成・運用することによって、各メンバーや部門の達成度がどの程度かを把握して、遅れている場合は挽回策を講じることができるようになるでしょう。
目標管理シートを活用するメリット
目標管理シートを使うことによってメンバー1人ひとりの目標が明確になり、進捗状況や達成度を確認しながら全体の仕事を進められるようになり、下記のようなメリットが生まれます。
組織の行動スピードが向上する
達成すべき目標が明確に示され、実行のためのアクションプランが決まっていることによって、各メンバーに進行を任せられます。各メンバーも迷いなく取り組んでいけることで、組織全体の行動スピードも向上することが期待できます。
PDCAサイクルが高速化する
目標を達成するためにはPDCAサイクルを高速で回すことが重要ですが、つい疎かになりがちなのが「Check(評価)」のプロセスです。目標管理シートを上手く活用することで、目標と進捗状況をリアルタイムで比較・確認しながら「Check」することで、PDCAサイクルを高速化できるでしょう。
メンバーの目標達成意識が向上する
目標管理シートに目標や進捗状況をアウトプットするプロセスを通じて、自分自身の現状を客観的に把握して、目標とのギャップを確認することができます。目標とのギャップが確認することで、目標達成に向けての危機感が生まれます。適度な危機感はメンバーのモチベーションや達成に対する意識を高めてくれます。
コミュニケーションコストが減少する
目標管理シートがなければ、チームの誰がどのような目標を持っていて、目標達成のために何をするのか、進捗状況は現在どうなっているのかを把握することは大変です。結果として、上司部下や会議でのコミュニケーションが限りなく膨張していきます。
目標管理シートを常に活用・共有することで、報告や確認に関する無駄なコミュニケーションコストがなくなり、「達成のためにどういった手を打つか」といった前向きな議論に時間を使えるようになるでしょう。
生産性向上につながる
達成すべき目標が明確になることによって、どんな結果を出せば給与や昇進に反映されるのかをメンバー自身が把握できます。結果として、期限内に目標を達成するために効率よく動いたり、ムダを省いたりする工夫が行われ、個人と組織の生産性が向上します。
目標管理シートの基本構成
目標管理シートに記載する内容としては、以下の項目が基本となります。
具体的な目標
当然ですが、目標管理シートにまず記載されるべきは目標です。
適切な目標設定の原則は後程紹介しますが、目標は具体的であることが大切です。「継続的にスキルアップに努める」「新規開拓に励む」「販売量を増加させる」といったものは、「努力します」と述べているだけで、目標としては非常に不適切です。
目標設定には、あいまいな箇所を残さないことが大切です。「TOEICで750点取る」「新規顧客を5件獲得する」など具体的な数値で測れるものを設定することが大切です。
目標を具体的に設定することで客観的に評価することができ、また、目標達成に向けて必要なステップや計画も設定しやすくなり、さらには進捗管理も行いやすくなります。
目標設定に際しては、メンバー自身を巻き込むことも大切です。人は一方的に与えられる目標よりも、自分自身が設定した目標の方が達成に向けての責任感や意欲が増すものです。
なお、目標設定に際しては、難易度の調整も大切です。多くの企業において目標管理シートは、人事評価制度を連携して動かされます。その場合、個人やチーム、部門によって設定する目標の難易度が異なれば、平等に評価することは難しくなります。
目標達成の期日
期限が設定されていない目標は、ゴールのないマラソンのようなものです。達成までの期日は必ず設定するようにしましょう。
期日がなければ、最終目標から逆算して具体的な行動に落とし込むことができません。逆に、期日を明確にすることで、取り組みのスケジュールも考えやすくなり、進捗状況次第では軌道修正することも可能になります。
組織で運用する場合には、四半期や半期が目標設定の期間となることが一般的です。
目標達成に向けた基本計画とスケジュール
具体的な目標と期日が決まった次には、達成するための基本計画を記載します。基本計画としては、下記の2つがポイントです。
①KGIとKPIに分解して、それぞれのKGIやKPIにミニゴールを設定する。
Ex)「新規顧客3件獲得」という目標のKPIとして「20件のアポイント」を設定。獲得が四半期目標だとすると、月次目標へ展開する
②定量的なKPI目標だけでなく、達成に向けて取り組む方針や重要タスクに関しては、言語化して記載する。こちらも重要タスクに関しては期日を切っておければベストです。
最終的な目標達成へ向けたプロセスとしてKPIや重要タスクを設定して、そこに短期目標と期日を設定しておくことで、計画に対する進捗把握をしやすくなります。
目標達成に向けた詳細計画とスケジュール
基本計画と期日が決まったら、それを「すぐ行動に移せる」レベルへと詳細計画に具体化していきます。基本計画で分解したミニゴールから逆算して、実行手順を具体的なアクション計画へと落とし込んでおくと、目標達成へ向けてのプロセスが見える化され、わかりやすくなります。
例えば目標の1つに「プログラミングの資格取得」があれば、単に「資格の勉強をする」というのではなく、「9月の資格試験に合格する→それまでに参考書を2冊読破する→1日20ページ読み進める」といったように、最終期限から逆算して行動を細分化していくイメージです。
なお、タスクは
- ‐ いつまでに何をする、いつまでに何を実現する(期日行動)
- ‐ 毎日/毎週、何をする(ルーティン行動)
という2つの種類に分けて考えるとよいでしょう。
進捗状況の見える化
実際に行動をはじめたら、目標管理シートには進捗も記載していきます。計画に対する進捗を明確にすることで、どこが順調でどこに課題が生じているかが整理され、セルフマネジメントしやすくなります。
また、上司との面談やチームミーティングなどでの共有等もスムーズになり、情報共有ではなく、目標達成に向けた議論に時間を使えるようになるでしょう。
設定したタスクがどの程度完了し、目標数値にどの程度近づいたのかが客観的にわかるように、定量的なプロセス等は具体的な数値で記載して進捗状況を見える化できるように工夫しましょう。
結果の記載と振り返り
運用期間が終わったら、目標や設定したKGI/KPIに対する実績と達成率を記載します。
達成の有無にかかわらず、しっかりと振り返りすることが目標管理シートの運用ポイントです。計画通りにいった点は、何が上手くいったのか、もっと上手くやるにはどうすればいいかという視点で振り返ります。
逆に上手くいかなかった点は、計画自体に問題があったのか、実施のプロセスに問題があったのかを分析して、もう一度やるならどうするかという視点で振り返ります。
振り返りをしっかりと行い、成功した箇所は再現性を持たせる、失敗した箇所は再発を防げるように考えることで、目標管理シートが個人の成長につながります。
目標管理シートを効果的に運用するポイント
目標管理シートの効果を最大化するためには、運用に当たっていくつか意識すべきポイントがあります。4つのポイントを紹介します。
①目標管理シートの目的、重要性、記入方法をしっかりと伝える
目標管理の対象となる各メンバーに対して、「目標管理シートとはどういうものなのか?」「会社が何のために目標管理シートを活用するのか?」「どのように目標管理シートに記入してほしいのか?」をしっかりと具体的に説明しておくことが初めのポイントです。
事前にこうした細かな確認を怠ってあいまいにしてしまうと、記入率が大幅に落ちてしまったり、“運用のための運用”になってしまったりしますので、注意が必要です。
②設定する目標を絞る
多くの目標を立て過ぎると、動きがブレてしまって、達成率は落ちてしまいます。達成できない目標が増えれば、本人のモチベーションの低下にもつながります。目標は多くて3つ程度の重要なものやKPIに絞りこむことが大切です。
③SMARTの原則に従って目標を設定(表現)する
目標を単なるお題目に終わらせないためには、SMARTな原則に従って目標設定することが非常に重要です。
[SMARTの法則とは?]
SMARTの法則は、効果的な目標設定に欠かせない5つの要素(Specific/Measurable/Achievable/Relevant/Time-bound)を示したフレームワークです。
・Specific(具体的である)
目標は具体的でなければなりません。「売上アップ」「品質改善」などの曖昧な表現はNGです。「個人売上500万円達成」「商品Aの顧客満足度を4.0から5.0に上げる」といった具体的な表現が、Specificに沿った目標です。
・Measurable(計測できる)
目標は、達成の有無や進捗が第三者にも判断できる形で表現されていることが必要です。例えば、以下のイメージです。
- -「ミスの発生を減らす」→「ミスの発生件数を20%削減して6件/四半期に抑える」
- -「メンバーとのコミュニケーションを深める」→「メンバーと週1回、最低30分の面談を行い意思の疏通と情報の共有を図る」
定量的な表現にすることで、達成計画を組みやすく、精度の高い目標管理が可能になります。なお、間接部門や新規のプロジェクトなど、必ずしも定量的な目標を設定できない場合もあります。
その場合も、どんな状態を実現しているのか等を可能な限り具体化して「達成の有無を客観的に判断できる」「達成するためにどういう取り組みするかが検討できる」表現にしましょう。
・Achievable(達成できる)
目標は、努力や工夫によって達成が見込める現実的なレベルで設定する必要があります。難易度をどの程度に設定することが好ましいかは組織の考え方によっても変わります。
MBOであれば達成率100%を目指せる、前年対比110~120%程度の成長をターゲットにすることが一般的ですし、OKRであればもう少し高いレベルで目標設定します。ただし、いずれにしても高すぎる目標や外部環境や運に依存するような目標は不適切でしょう。
・Relevant(上位目標と関連している)
目標は会社や組織の目標達成、ビジョンや目的の実現に貢献するものでなければいけません。従って、組織内の目標は、個人が目標達成すればチームが目標達成する、チームが目標達成すれば部門が目標達成できる、といった形で、上位目標の達成に貢献するようになっている必要があります。従って、目標を設定する際には上位目標からブレイクダウンして決めていくことが大切です。
また、プライベートの目標設定等でも、設定した目標が自身のキャリア、ビジョン、価値観などの上位概念と連動していることがモチベーションアップにつながります。
・Time-bound(期限が定められていること)
目標には達成期限を定めることが大切であり、「2023年3月までに~」「第3期の終わりまでに~」など、明確に設定しておく必要があります。組織における目標管理では、四半期や半期単位で設定することが一般的です。
期限があるからこそ集中して業務に取り組めますし、達成から逆算してスケジュールを設定して、計画を作成できます。納期が決まっていなければ、計画を組むことも困難でしょう。
④面談とセットで運用する
目標管理シートの運用に当たっては、管理者とメンバーによる定期的な面談をセットにして運用し、目標達成に向けての進捗状況を互いに確認・評価することが重要となります。面談は最低でも月に1回は行うようにしたいものです。
面談する際には、例えば「今期の目標についてあなた自身はどう思う?」「現状はこういう結果だけど、来期に向けてあなたはどういう行動を起こそうと思っているの?」と質問をして、メンバーの主体性を引き出すと良いでしょう。
本人自身に考えさせることによって、目標設定に対するコミット感が高まると共に、目標達成に対するモチベーションアップに結びつけることができます。
まとめ
目標管理シートは、メンバー一人ひとりが具体的な目標を定めて、達成に向けて計画・進捗管理をするツールです。個々のスキルアップやモチベーション向上にも役立つため、組織の人材育成にもつながります。
目標管理シートを上手に活用することによって、組織の行動スピードが向上する、PDCAサイクルが高速化する、メンバーの目標達成意識が向上する、といった効果があります。また、人事評価の一要素として目標管理シートを取り入れることにより、客観的な人事評価も実現しやすくなります。
目標管理シートの効果を高めるためには、ポイントを押さえた運用が大切です。今回ご紹介したいくつかのポイントを参考に、目標管理シートを活用してください。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック執行役員
古庄 拓
WEB業界・経営コンサルティング業界の採用支援からキャリアを開始。その後、マーケティング、自社採用、経営企画、社員研修の商品企画、採用後のオンボーディング支援、大学キャリアセンターとの連携、リーダー研修事業、新卒採用事業など、複数のサービスや事業の立上げを担当し、現在に至る。専門は新卒および中途採用、マーケティング、学習理論
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