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PDCAと目標設定の関係性とは?職種別PDCAの回し方を解説!|HRドクター|株式会社JAIC PDCAと目標設定の関係性とは?職種別PDCAの回し方を解説!
PDCAサイクルとは、Plan(計画)、Do(実行)、Check(評価)、Action(改善)の4つのプロセスを繰り返すサイクルのことを指します。PDCAサイクルは、組織や個人の業務プロセスや品質管理、品質改善、業務改善など、あらゆる分野で広く利用されています。
記事ではPDCAと目標設定の関係性を確認したうえで、多くの組織で実践されているG‐PDCAサイクルの適切な回し方と計画作成のポイントをサンプル付きで解説します。
<目次>
PDCAと目標設定の関係性
PDCAという言葉は、ビジネス現場で非常によく使われます。PDCAとは、目標達成に向けた進捗管理の基本サイクルです。
PDCAは以下4つのプロセスの頭文字を取って「PDCAサイクル」と呼ばれます。
<PDCAの4要素>- Plan:計画の立案
- Do:計画の実行
- Check:結果の確認・振り返り
- Action:改善計画の思考や試行・実行
ビジネスシーンで「PDCAを回す」といったら、「計画の立案(Plan)→実行(Do)→結果の確認(Check)→改善計画の思考と実行(Action)」というサイクルを運用していくことを指します。
PDCAを高速で回すことで、目標達成へのスピードや確実性を高め、プロジェクトや施策をブラッシュアップできるようになります。また、PDCAを回すプロセスは、個人の成長も促すことでしょう。
PDCAにおける目標設定の重要性
良質なPDCAサイクルを回すうえで欠かせないのが、適切な目標設定です。何がゴールか、何を実現するのか、という目標設定の質が高くなければ、良いPDCAを回すことはできません。
最近では、PDCAサイクルにおける目標設定(Goal)の重要性を加味して、PDCAサイクルではなく、G‐PDCAサイクルと呼ぶこともあります。
PDCAのなかで、目標設定と直結するのはPlanです。Pの精度が低いと、そこから続く実行のレベルも下がります。そして、各種振り返りは計画対比で振り返っていきますので、必然的に評価や振り返り、改善の精度も低くなり、PDCAサイクルがうまく回りません。
したがって、PDCAサイクルをうまく機能させるには、適切な目標設定を行ない、目標からきちんと落とし込んでPlan(計画)を立てることが重要です。
なお、最近では、PDCAサイクルが進化した概念としてOODAループというものもあります。OODAループの概念も、基本的には目標設定の重要性は変わりません。OODAループは、刻々と変化する環境のなかで、よりスピーディーにアクションして成果や結果を生み出すためのメソッドです。以下4要素で構成されています。
しかし、OODAループにおいても、そもそも目指すべきゴールが的確に定められていなければ、適切な判断基準が持てず、「スピーディーな意思決定と実行」ではなく、「場当たり的な判断」になってしまい、成果にはつながらなくなるでしょう。
G‐PDCAサイクルの適切な回し方とPlan(計画)作成のポイント
Plan(計画)は、達成したい目標がしっかり設定されていることが前提です。そのため、PDCAを回す場合、まずは目標設定が適切にできていることが大切です。
Goal設定のポイント
ゴールとなる目標は、「立てれば何でもいい」というわけではありません。例えば、「新製品をたくさん売る」は、目標ではなく願望や方針です。
G‐PDCAをうまく回すには、SMARTの法則を満たす適切な目標を立てる必要があります。SMARTの法則とは、目標設定の原則を以下のようにまとめたものです。
<目標設定におけるSMARTの法則>- S(Specific) :具体的で明確な目標を設定する
- M(Measurable):計測可能な表現で設定する
- A(Achievable):達成可能(現実的にチャレンジ可能)なレベルで設定する
- R(Relevant):上位目標や目的達成と関連性がある目標を設定する
- T(Time-bound):目標達成の期限を明確に設定する
Plan作成のポイントは目標達成に向けた具体的アクションの洗い出し
Goal(ゴール)が決まったら、次は、Plan(計画)を作成していきましょう。しっかりとしたPlanの存在が、実行と振り返りの質を支えることになります。
ただし、すべてのPlanを精緻かつ精密に作らないといけないわけではありません。
例えば、新規事業や新しい施策であれば、そもそも詳細なPlanを作れるだけの知識やノウハウがないこともあります。そういった際には、中長期のPlanは抽象的で良いので短いスパンでPlanを作って、高速で回していくことが適切です。
ただし、いずれにしてもPlanを作る際には、実行と振り返りのポイントを押さえることが大事になります。
一方で、ある程度経験値があったり、プロセスが明確な目標であったりする場合は、進捗や達成が定量的に判断できるミニゴールやアクション指標を設定することが大切です。いわゆるKPIマネジメントの概念です。
「いつまでに」という期限の必要性
実行施策を決めていく際には、アクションの完遂期限を明確にすることも大切です。納期が決まっていなければ、適切なスピードで実行できません。
実行に投下できるリソースや工数との兼ね合いから、適切な期限を定めていくことが重要です。
評価基準の決定
目標設定では、アクションの実行結果を評価するための基準も設定しておくのがおススメです。特に大切になるのは、アクションが狙い通りにいったのかを判断する評価基準になります。
評価基準を明確にしておくと、結果の良い・悪い、施策の有効性を判断したうえで、次に進みやすくなるでしょう。
なお、ほとんどの場合、当初の計画や施策が予定通りに良い効果を上げられることはありません。施策やアクションがうまくいかない場合に備えて、二の手、三の手を事前にリストアップしておくと、改善フェーズのスピードが上がりやすくなります。
目標設定とPlan(計画)のサンプル
組織において目標管理制度を取り入れる場合は、上記で紹介した流れと同じで、まず各メンバーに先述の流れでG(目標)設定と、目標を達成するためのPlan(計画)を立てる必要があります。
次に、MBOにおける目標設定を想定して、設定した目標を達成するためのPlan(計画)の例を紹介します。なお、下記の目標と計画は簡易化しており、厳密なKPI設定やタスクごとの納期などは省略していますので、ご了承ください。
【営業】目標設定とPlan(計画)のサンプル
・目標
- 年間10件の新規契約、売上総額1,200万円を受注する
・Plan(計画)
- 過去の名刺から休眠顧客を洗い出し、毎日5件のテレアポを実施する
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- A先輩の営業活動に同行する
【営業事務】目標設定とPlan(計画)のサンプル
・目標
- 営業事務全体における見積請求業務のミスを0件にする
・Plan(計画)
- 営業事務の仕事内容を洗い出す
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【飲食業(フロアサービス)】目標設定とPlan(計画)のサンプル
・目標
- 昼ピークのフロア回転率を上げ、時間帯売上を前年比10%アップさせる
・Plan(計画)
- 11時からピークに備えた客席案内をする(1人ならカウンター席など)
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【コンサルタント】目標設定とPlan(計画)のサンプル
・Plan(計画)
- 施策アイデアを得るため、顧客深耕に関連するセミナーに毎月2回参加をする
- 既存顧客と月1回は接触して、ニーズ状況、他サービスのニーズ、顧客の課題をヒアリングする
- ロジカルコミュニケーションの勉強会に参加する
- 顧客Aと顧客Bに対して毎月1つ以上の提案を行なう
【事務】目標設定とPlan(計画)のサンプル
・目標
- ファイル作成作業の効率化で月の残業時間を10時間以下に削減する
・Plan(計画)
- MOS資格を取得してWordやExcelを自由自在に使えるようにする
- 作業手順を見直し、削減、省略、簡易化できそうなポイントを10個以上ピックアップする
- 何に時間を使っているか時間記録を取る
【カスタマーサポート】目標設定とPlan(計画)のサンプル
・Plan(計画)
- CRMを使って過去に一次回答できていない質問を洗い出す
- 上記に関して一次回答のスクリプトを作成して、勉強会を開催する
- 業務終了時の当日の業務レポートに目を通して一次回答できていないものをチェックする
- 朝のロープレ会に参加する
【広報】目標設定とPlan(計画)のサンプル
・目標
- Webマーケティングを促進して広告費を20%削減する
・Plan(計画)
- お客様アンケートを通してどの広告元からの流入かを調べる
- 効果性やコストパフォーマンスが悪い広告出稿をやめる
- 自社のSNSアカウントを作成する
- 紙媒体の原稿に使っていた時間でブログ記事を書く
- Webコンサルティング会社の無料セミナーに参加する
まとめ
PDCAは、ビジネス現場で一般的によく使われる目標達成に向けた進捗管理の基本サイクルです。以下4プロセスの頭文字を取り「PDCAサイクル」と呼ばれます。
- Plan :計画の立案
- Do :実行
- Check :結果の確認、振り返り
- Action :改善計画の試行・実行
うまくPDCAを回すには、適切な目標設定が前提となります。そこで、最近では目標設定:ゴール(G)を含めて、G‐PDCAサイクルと呼ばれることもあります。
良質なG‐PDCAサイクルを回すには、SMARTの法則に沿った質の高い目標を立て、達成に向けた具体的アクションを洗い出し、期限や評価基準を設定していきます。
HRドクターを運営する研修会社ジェイックでは、500社10万人が実践する目標達成力の強化メソッド「原田メソッド」研修を提供しています。目標設定力と計画力を高めて、PDCAを回す力が身に付く研修です。組織の目標達成力を高めるためにおススメとなります。
「原田メソッド」研修に興味がある方は、ぜひ以下の資料をダウンロードしてチェックしてみてください。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック|取締役 兼 常務執行役員
近藤 浩充
大学卒業後、情報システム系の会社を経て入社。
IT戦略事業、全社経営戦略、教育事業、採用・就職支援事業の責任者を経て現職。企業の採用・育成課題を知る立場から、当社の企業向け教育研修を監修するほか、一般企業、金融機関、経営者クラブなどで、若手から管理職層までの社員育成の手法やキャリア形成等についての講演を行っている。
昨今では管理職のリーダーシップやコミュニケーションスキルをテーマに、雑誌『プレジデント』(2023年)、J-CASTニュース(2024年)、ほか人事メディアからの取材も多数実績あり。
著書、登壇セミナー
・社長の右腕 ~上場企業 現役ナンバー2の告白~ ・今だからできる!若手採用と組織活性化のヒント
・withコロナ時代における新しい採用力・定着率向上の秘訣
・オンライン研修の「今と未来」、社員育成への上手な取り入れ方
・社長が知っておくべき、業績達成する目標管理と人事評価
・社長の右腕 ~ナンバー2の上司マネジメント / 部下マネジメント~
・オーナー経営者が知っておきたい!業績があがる人事評価制度と組織づくりのポイント
・社長の右腕 10の職掌 など
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