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経営戦略を実現に導く戦略人事とは?成功のポイントや企業事例を紹介 | HRドクター | 株式会社ジェイック TOP 記事 マネジメント 教育ノウハウ 経営戦略を実現に導く戦略人事とは?成功のポイントや企業事例を紹介 経営戦略を実現に導く戦略人事とは?成功のポイントや企業事例を紹介 企業の経営課題を解決する手段の一つとして、近年、戦略人事の考え方を導入 する企業が増えています。
戦略人事は、従来までの人事の仕事とは、どのような部分が異なっているのでしょうか。
戦略人事の概要や求められる機能・役割、成功させるためのポイントを解説します。
<目次>
戦略人事とは?
戦略人事とはどのような考え方なのか、まずは概要を押さえておきましょう。意味を混同しやすい人事戦略との違い も解説します。
戦略人事とは“戦略的な人的資源のマネジメント” 戦略人事とは、経営戦略と密接に連携する形で、人的資源のマネジメントを行なうことです。「経営・事業計画の達成には、より戦略的な人事施策を行なう必要がある」 という考え方に基づいています。
戦略人事は“戦略的人事資源管理(Strategic Human Resources Management)” を略した言葉です。アメリカの経済学者デイブ・ウルリッチが1990年代に提唱しました。
一般的に、人事の機能は、戦略人事・インフラ人事・オペレーション人事 に大別されます。人事の3機能のうち、最も高度なビジネス理解を求められるのが戦略人事です。
人事戦略との違い 戦略人事と似た意味の言葉に人事戦略があります。人事戦略とは文字どおり、人事・組織に関する戦略です。戦略人事と人事戦略は、かなり多くの部分で重なっています。
ただし、人事戦略はあくまでも従来型の“人事”がメイン であり、一種オペレーショナルな色合いが強いと言えるでしょう。
一方で、戦略人事は“経営戦略の立案” 自体を人的資本の側面から支え、決定した戦略を実行するために“必要な組織・人材” を考えていくものです。 従来までの人事と比べると、経営者のパートナー として人事に関わるのが戦略人事ということになります。
戦略人事が注目される背景
戦略人事が近年注目を集めている主な理由に、経営環境の変化と日本型雇用制度の崩壊 が挙げられます。それぞれの具体的な内容を確認しましょう。
経営環境の目まぐるしい変化 戦略人事が注目される背景には、経営環境の目まぐるしい変化があります。特にITやネットワークが発達したなかで、産業や事業のあり方が、これまで以上に“労働集約”から“知識労働” へと変わってきています。
知識労働においては、人的資本が経営に与える影響はこれまで以上に大きくなります。 最近では株式市場においても人的資本の開示 というテーマがトピックになっています。これも人的資本が経営に与える影響が大きくなっている ことの証です。
組織デザインや人材確保が“経営”に与えるインパクトがより大きくなってきたなかで、ビジネスの競争優位性を保つための戦略人事が注目されているのです。
日本型雇用制度の崩壊 戦略人事が求められるようになった一端には、日本型雇用制度の崩壊も挙げられます。 この数十年で終身雇用と年功序列を軸とした日本型雇用は完全に崩壊 したといえるでしょう。 一方で、浸透したのが転職の一般化であり、成果主義型の人事制度です。
また、これまでの日本では「正規雇用」至上主義といえる傾向がありましたが、この10年ほどで一気に雇用の多様化が進んでおり、副業、複業、フリーランス等の働き方が浸透 してきました。
さらに、前述した知識労働の拡張とそれに伴う仕事の細分化と専門化、そして、DX人材やAI人材、IT技術者の不足による給与の高騰なども、従来までの人事制度では対応することが難しくなっています。
こういった問題を踏まえて、経営に必要な人材を定義して、確保・育成・定着するために組織自体を再デザイン していくようなスケールの戦略人事の必要性が増しています。
戦略人事に求められる機能と役割
戦略人事の概念を提唱した経済学者デイブ・ウルリッチは、戦略人事の実践には、HRBP、OD&TD、CoE、OPという4つの要素が重要 であると説いています。戦略人事に必要な4要素を解説します。
HRBP HRBPとは、“HR(人材)”と“BP(ビジネスパートナー)”を組み合わせた言葉 です。経営者や事業責任者の対等なパートナーとして、経営戦略・人事戦略に関わるCHOや人事責任者 を指します。
経営層と同じ視点 に立って人事戦略を設計し、各部署と連携して課題の把握や解決策の遂行に尽力するのが、HRBPに求められる大きな役割です。
OD&TD OD&TDとは、OD:Organization Development(組織開発)、TD:Talent Development(人材開発) を指します。
経営戦略を実行できる組織を作るために、企業理念を組織へ浸透させたり組織文化を醸成したりするのがODです。組織という視点からみるODに対して、タレント(才能・技能)という個人の資質やスキルに注目して人材育成を考えるのがTDです。組織を構築、業務を遂行するために必要となる人材の育成を行ないます。
ODとTDは片方が欠けると成立しない、表裏一体の関係にある機能 であり、戦略人事を実行するうえで要となる要素です。
CoE CoEは“Center of Excellence(センターオブエクセレンス)” の略語で、もともとは大学や研究所で優秀な人材やツールが集まる拠点 を意味します。 そこから翻って、戦略人事におけるCoEは、人事領域の中核機能を指す言葉です。採用・給与体系・育成など、人事の各分野のスペシャリストから構成 されます。
組織の行動基盤・ポリシーの策定やKPIの管理、社内ナレッジの集約などを行なうのが、戦略人事のCoEの主な役割です。HRBPを支える専門集団であり、戦略人事を実行するための指令室的な役割 を担う側面を持っています。
OP 日常の人事労務管理業務を行なう役割がOP(Operations、オペレーション) です。採用・給与計算・勤怠管理といった人事に不可欠な実務を担います。 企業にとって欠かせない仕事を受け持つOPは、ある程度のルーティンワークであり、一連の業務を正確かつ効率的に進める ことが求められます。
従来型の人事の主な役割は、基本的にOD&TDとOPだったといえます。戦略人事では最も上流となるHRBPとHRBPを支えるCoEを追加することで、経営戦略と連携して人材マネジメントを実践する概念になります。
戦略人事を取り入れる流れ
本章では戦略人事の具体的な進め方を紹介します。大きく3つのステップに分けて、大まかな流れや気を付けるべきポイントを解説します。
経営戦略の企画と連携して必要な組織や人材像をデザインする 戦略人事は、自社の事業ドメイン・経営戦略・特性を踏まえ、目標を達成するための組織や人材像を定めることから始まります。また、一方的に経営戦略に従うのではなく、「人」という側面から経営戦略の立案自体に関わる ことが求められます。
単に人事担当が経営戦略を理解し、適正な採用基準等を定めるだけでは、戦略人事とはいえません。 範囲を大きく広げ、より踏み込んだ考察を示す必要があります。事業ドメインや経営戦略、人材市場の状況を踏まえ、“組織と人材がどうあるべきか”をデザインする ところから戦略人事が始まります。
人材の採用・育成・評価計画を策定する 事業ドメインや経営戦略を踏まえ、組織・人材がどうあるべきかをデザインできたら、次に人材の採用・育成計画を策定します。 人材確保のための戦略を練る際は、採用方法を改善したり、新しい育成計画を立てたりといった視点だけでなく、現行の人事制度自体の見直し も視野に入れる必要があるかもしれません。
採用や育成だけでなく、評価や配置に関する制度も重要 です。どのような才能を評価してどれぐらいのスピードで抜擢するのか等も、経営戦略・組織設計に紐づいて検討する必要があります。
必要な人材の確保に関して、採用、育成、配置、評価 といった一連の人事制度がしっかりと連携しなければ、人材の定着と活躍は望めません。
制度設計を行ない社内に浸透させる 人材の採用・育成・評価計画を策定したあとは、実際に制度設計を行ないます。ジョブ型の雇用制度を導入したり、採用方法をまったく新しいものに改善したりと、制度設計の内容は企業によりさまざまです。
見直し後の制度が思い切った内容であるほど、社内からの反発が強まることも予想されます。人事制度は社員の利害に直接的につながる ため、賛否が明確に出てくる傾向にあります。社員の声を聴きながら、改善すべきものは改善する、一方で、経営戦略上必要なものは断行するといったメリハリが必要 です。
もちろん制度の内容を社内にきちんと浸透させる ことも重要です。大きな期待を持てる戦略でも、説明が不十分なら反感を買いやすくなってしまいます。制度の目的や重要性を丁寧に説明できるように工夫を凝らしましょう。
戦略人事のケース別の課題
多くの企業が戦略人事に魅力を感じている一方で、導入や運用がうまくいっていない企業も少なくありません。戦略人事のケース別の課題 を紹介します。
経営面 企業の経営層が戦略人事を深く理解していないケースでは、戦略人事とは名ばかりであくまで従来型の人事になっていることが多いでしょう。戦略人事を導入する場合は、経営層が戦略人事の必要性や重要性をしっかりと理解しておく必要 があります。
人的資本の視点から見た自社の事業特性等に関して、経営層、また人事側で理解や課題感がずれている場合も、戦略人事の導入や運用が失敗に終わってしまいがちです。お互いに納得できるように理解や課題感をすり合わせる必要 があります。
戦略人事に関する理解を深め、事業特性、経営戦略や企業のビジョンを再確認したうえで、経営層ときちんと話を進めていける状況を作りましょう。
人事面 戦略人事の人事面における課題として、既存業務以外に手が回らないという理由でリソース不足に陥る ことが挙げられます。戦略人事を進められるだけの余力があるか確かめなければなりません。
戦略人事を取り入れる際は、既存業務とは別のパワーが不可欠 です。リソースが足りずにパワーを発揮できない状況なら、計画の立案すらできずに戦略人事の導入を諦めざるを得ません。
既存業務を効率化したり、外注してしまったりして、戦略人事を実行するための空白をつくることが、戦略人事の導入と並行して必要なことも多いでしょう。
もちろん経営戦略に戦略人事をしっかりと反映させるためには、人事担当者が経営戦略を深く理解することも重要 です。明確な経営戦略があっても担当者の理解が乏しければ、人事制度への計画の反映は困難になります。
社員 社員の理解が浅い場合も、戦略人事は失敗に終わってしまう恐れがあります。戦略人事を実行する上では、大きな組織改革が必要となる場合も多い でしょう。
例えば、従来型の年功序列や終身雇用になじんでいるメンバーは、成果主義の導入をなかなか受け入れられないこともあるでしょう。
企業と社員の間に溝ができれば、離職者を増やすことにもなりかねません。制度変更等の際には、重要性を説くと同時に、評価システムの整備でメンバーが受けるメリットを説明することが大切です。 その上で、戦略上必要であれば、断固として実行する姿勢も必要 です。
戦略人事を成功させるためのポイント
戦略人事を成功に導くためには、以下に挙げる3つのポイントを押さえることが大切です。ぜひ導入前に確認しておいてください。
HRBPを機能させる 人的資本の側面で、経営陣のパートナーとなるHRBPは、戦略人事において非常に重要な役割 です。HRBPを機能させることが、従来型の人事との違いであり、戦略人事を導入するうえで必須となります。
社内の協力を得る 繰り返しになりますが、戦略人事を実行する際には、メンバーの働き方や評価の在り方に大きな影響を与えることもあります。実行を成功に導くためには、メンバーの不満を抑えて社内の協力を得る努力が不可欠 です。
策定した戦略や組織デザインはメンバーと共有し、わかりやすい言葉でメリットを伝え ましょう。部署単位での混乱を防ぐ目的で、部署の責任者に戦略をより深く理解してもらうことも大切です。
メンバーから不満の声が出たり、実際に経営層と対立したりした場合は、人事部が個別に対応 しましょう。自分たちにとっても大きな意味がある戦略だということを、社内にわかってもらう必要があります。
コンサルティングを活用する 戦略人事の導入で失敗したくないなら、コンサルティングの活用も検討してみましょう。戦略人事に特化したコンサルティングサービスを利用すれば、プロのノウハウを活用できるでしょう。 また、コンサルティングを導入することで、リソース不足による問題も解消できる可能性もある でしょう。
戦略人事の導入・実践事例
戦略人事を成功させた3つの企業事例を紹介します。具体的にどのような施策を実行したのか、検討する際の参考にしてみてください。
日清食品 日清食品は、グループビジョンの実現を意識した人材育成に取り組んでいる企業です。企業内大学“NISSIN ACADEMY”を設立 し、全社員を対象とした研修やリーダー候補の育成研修などを実施しています。
2年次・3年次研修や階層別研修で、基礎スキルを身に付けながら個別のスキルを把握していることも特徴 です。キャリア形成のサポートと人材育成を実現しています。経営戦略の実現に向けてメンバーの育成環境を整えることは、戦略人事にとって大事なポイントです。
オムロン 大手電気機器メーカーのオムロンは、企業理念を実現させるための施策として、2012年に社内表彰制度“TOGA(The Omron Global Awards)”を立ち上げ ました。
企業理念の実現につながる取り組みをメンバーにエントリーしてもらい、優秀事例を表彰するというのがTOGAの仕組みです。特別な活動を表彰の対象にするのではなく、あくまでも普段の仕事のなかに企業理念とのつながりを見いだしてもらうことが目的 になっています。
オムロンのメンバーは、TOGAを通じて自分の仕事の意味をより深く考える機会を持てるようになります。大きな制度の変更とではなく、企業全体に理念への共感を広げる取り組み の戦略人事の事例です。
日立製作所 日立製作所は、戦略人事に基づいて人財マネジメントの変革で進めている企業です。具体的には、国や場所を超えて業務を遂行する体制を整え、人事制度や施策をグローバルに統一しました。“グローバル人財データベース” を整備し、全世界の人材に関する情報をリアルタイムで確認できるようになっています。
また、上記に連携して、メンバーシップ型雇用からジョブ型雇用に転換して、専門性の高い人材がより適切に配置・処遇される組織 を目指しています。戦略人事のイメージ通り、経営戦略に紐づいて、人事制度全体を動かして言っているような事例です。
まとめ 戦略人事は、人事を経営や事業戦略とより密接に紐づける考え方 です。経営環境の変化や日本型雇用制度の崩壊により、近年戦略人事の考え方は大きな注目を集めています。
戦略人事に求められる機能と役割、運用を成功させるためのポイントを知り、導入する場合は自社に最適な戦略人事を行なえるよう計画を立てましょう。
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