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高齢者の雇用延長|継続雇用制度における再雇用制度と勤務延長制度の違いとは? | HRドクター | 株式会社ジェイック 高齢者の雇用延長|継続雇用制度における再雇用制度と勤務延長制度の違いとは?
2021年4月1日施行の改正高年齢者雇用安定法によって、企業に高齢者の雇用延長が求められるようになっています。組織にとって検討すべき課題が、どのような仕組み・方法で高齢者を雇用延長していくかということです。
本記事では、まず、改正高年齢者雇用安定法における70歳までの就業確保(雇用延長)の概要を確認します。また、2種類の継続雇用制度(再雇用制度・勤務延長制度)の概要とメリット・デメリット、継続雇用制度を導入する場合のポイントを紹介しますので、参考にしてください。
<目次>
企業の努力義務となった70歳までの就業確保(雇用延長)
2021年4月1日施行の高年齢者雇用安定法の改正で、従来制度の「65歳までの雇用確保(義務)」に加えて、「70歳までの就業確保」が企業の努力義務として加わることになりました。
改正された内容では、企業に以下いずれかの措置を講じる「努力」を求めています。なお、高年齢者就業確保措置とは、努力義務とされる項目の総称です。
- ・70歳までの定年引き上げ
- ・定年制の廃止
- ・70歳までの継続雇用制度(再雇用制度・勤務延長制度)の導入 など
- (特殊関係事業主に加えて、他の事業主によるものを含む)
高年齢者就業確保措置は、現時点では努力義務です。しかし、日本の少子高齢社会は今後も進んでいくことから、将来的には、もう一段進んで義務化される可能性も十分にあります。現状では努力義務であっても、早めに高齢者雇用の環境整備を進めた方がよいでしょう。
継続雇用制度には2種類ある
高年齢者就業確保措置の継続雇用制度には、再雇用制度と勤務延長制度の2種類があります。自社のシニア社員を継続雇用する場合、どちらの制度が自社に合うか検討して導入することが大切です。本章では、再雇用制度と勤務延長制度の特徴とメリット・デメリット、運用時の注意点を紹介します。
再雇用制度
再雇用制度の特徴は、以下のとおりです。
・再雇用制度とは?
再雇用制度は、定年の年齢で一度退職をしたあと、定年までとは異なる雇用形態で再び雇い入れる仕組みのことです。たとえば、定年までの正規雇用されていた人を、以下のような雇用形態で再雇用するのが再雇用制度です。
なお、業務委託契約の場合は、雇用契約ではありませんので、再雇用契約の対象にはなりません。
再雇用制度では、定年退職日の翌日から雇用し、雇用期間の空白を作らないことが原則です。厚生労働省では、事務手続き上などの問題で、退職の翌々日からの雇用になるなどの取り扱いは可能としています。
しかし、定年退職後、数ヵ月などの相当期間が経ってからの再雇用は、継続雇用制度としては認められない可能性が高いでしょう。
・再雇用制度のメリット
再雇用制度は、従来の定年制度に再雇用をプラスするイメージとなるため、後述する勤務延長制度と比べて、導入しやすい点がメリットです。また、定年退職予定者の希望や企業の状況に合わせて、勤務時間や勤務日数などの労働条件を柔軟に変えやすいところも利点です。
・再雇用制度のデメリット・運用の注意点
再雇用制度を導入する場合、雇用条件を個別に調整していく必要があります。再雇用の内容が定年前の役職・役割から変更になることも多く、企業の提示する条件と定年退職予定者の希望が合わない場合、不満から仕事へのモチベーションが低下する可能性などもあります。その意味で調整がかかるということもできます。
勤務延長制度
勤務延長制度の特徴は、以下のとおりです。
・勤務延長制度とは?
勤務延長制度は、定年退職日以降もこれまでと同じ雇用形態で働き続けられる仕組みのことです。雇用形態、役職、賃金、仕事内容なども大きく変わることなく、勤務期間だけ延長されるのが一般的です。
・勤務延長制度のメリット
勤務延長制度の場合、定年退職日を過ぎても仕事内容や役職が変わらないため、シニア社員のために新たな役割の付与や創設、環境整備などをする必要がありません。また、定年退職日の前と同じ仕事を続けられるとなれば、新しく不慣れな役割を与えられるよりも、モチベーション維持もしやすいでしょう。
勤務延長制度の場合、雇用形態や賃金の変更もないため、企業の事務手続きが楽になるメリットもあります。ただし、勤務延長制度を導入する場合、再雇用制度と同様に就業規則の変更は必要です。
・勤務延長制度のデメリット・注意点
たとえば、全シニア社員を勤務延長制度の対象にしてしまうと、人件費の増大や世代交代が進まないなどの問題が起こります。また、一部の優秀なシニア社員だけを勤務延長した場合、再雇用されたほかのシニア社員に不公平感が生じることもあるでしょう。
なお、勤務延長となったシニア社員に体力の低下などが生じた場合、勤務延長を終了し、再雇用制度に切り替える必要が生じる場合もあるでしょう。
再雇用制度と勤務延長制度、どちらを選択すべきか?
賃金や労働条件、役職などを柔軟に選択できるという点では、勤務延長制度よりも再雇用制度のほうが自由度は高いと考えられます。また再雇用となるので、いまの定年制度などを変更する必要もなく導入もしやすいでしょう。
「どうしても特定の人じゃないとできない仕事がある、業務がまわらない」などの場合は、一部の定年退職予定者だけに勤務延長制度を導入してもよいでしょう。
無期転換ルールの特例について
再雇用制度を利用する場合、定年後の契約形態が有期雇用となる場合も多いでしょう。高齢者雇用に関しては、有期雇用者の“無期転換ルールの特定”が認められていますので紹介しておきます。
いわゆる“無期転換ルール”とは、同一の使用者との間で有期労働契約が通算で5年を超えて繰り返し更新された場合、労働者が申し込むことで、無期労働契約への転換が必要となるものです。
ただし、適切な雇用管理に関する計画を作成し、都道府県労働局長の認定を受けた事業主(特殊関係事業主を含む)のもとで、定年後に引き続いて雇用される場合は、無期転換申込権が発生しません。65歳を超えて引き続き雇用する場合にも無期転換申込権は発生しないようになります。
なお、特殊関係事業主以外の他社で継続雇用される場合だけは特例の対象にならず、無期転換申込権が発生しますので注意が必要です。
参考:高年齢者雇用安定法改正の概要
継続雇用制度を導入する際のポイント
高齢社員の継続雇用制度を導入する場合には、以下のポイントを押さえておく必要があります。
スキルや業務内容に見合った賃金設定
賃金は、働く社員のモチベーションにつながる重要なものです。再雇用になれば雇用形態の変更に合わせて賃金が下がるのが一般的ですが、それぞれのスキルや業務内容に見合った賃金設定にする必要があります。
なお、2022年4月の年金制度改正では、働くシニア社員が70歳の退職を待たずに毎年年金額の改定が行なわれる在職定時改定の創設、在職老齢年金制度の見直しなどが行なわれています。
自社の賃金設定の見直しをするときには、高年齢者雇用安定法だけでなく改正された年金制度にも目を向けながら、バランスの良い賃金体系を考えることが大切です。
なお、賃金設定に関しては、既存社員にとっても納得がいくようにすることも非常に重要となります。シニア社員に気を遣いすぎて、既存社員のモチベーションを落としてしまうようなことになれば逆効果です。賃金設定時には、シニア社員と既存社員の両方への配慮が必要となるでしょう。
勤務形態への配慮
人間は、歳をとれば誰しも、老化や体力低下による疲れやすさ、体調不良、持病などが生じやすくなります。また、人によっては、定年前よりも通院の回数等が増えることもあるでしょう。
こうした体調不良等を抱えやすいシニア社員に活躍してもらうためには、以下のように多彩な勤務形態から選択できる仕組みを整備することも大切になります。
- 時短勤務制度
- テレワーク制度
- フレックスタイム制度 など
健康や安全への配慮
先述の勤務形態とも重なることですが、シニア社員には、仕事に対して以下のような悩みや問題が生じやすい傾向があります。
- この作業は体力的に厳しい
- 若い頃のように細かな文字チェックが難しい
- 安全点検はしているものの、最近ミスが多い など
こうした悩みを抱えたシニア社員が仕事で失敗を重ねれば自信を失い、モチベーションも下がりやすくなります。もちろん、業務上の問題も生じてきますし、一緒に働く若手社員等からの不満にもつながります。
企業側では、定期的な面談などで健康状態や、仕事上の悩みなどをヒアリングし、現状に合った役割などを付与する必要があります。
知見や経験を活かせる配置
継続雇用で大切なことは、シニア社員に長く活躍してもらうことです。一方で、近年の日本企業では、役職定年制なども導入され始めています。こうした背景から、一定年齢に達したシニア社員は、課長や部長などの役職から外れてしまうケースも増加するようになりました。
役職は、仕事のモチベーションを保つ要素にもなります。したがって、役職から外れたシニア社員には、これまでの知見・経験を活かせる役割や“シニアアドバイザー”などの役職を与えることも検討する必要があるかもしれません。
70歳までの契約更新の確保
2021年4月1日施行の改正高年齢者雇用安定法では、70歳までの就業機会の確保を「努力義務」としています。(高年齢者就業確保措置)また、厚生労働省では、高年齢者就業確保措置を、たとえば最初は66歳、翌々年は67歳……のように段階的に導入することも可能としています。
こうした話を耳にすると、企業担当者のなかには、高年齢者就業確保措置に対して、以下のような印象を抱く人もいるかもしれません。
- 努力義務だから、しばらくは導入しなくていいだろう
- うちの企業には定年を迎える社員がまだいないから、未導入でも問題はないだろう
しかし、厚生労働省では、70歳までの就業機会の確保について検討を開始していない事業主などに対して、制度の趣旨や内容の周知徹底を主眼とする啓発および指導を行なうことをアナウンスしています。
また、近年の日本において少子高齢化に対応する高齢者雇用の促進は国策です。今後義務化されることも十分にあり得ます。
また、高齢者雇用に関する法律や年金制度が変わるなかで、これから定年を迎える社員にも不安が生じやすくなっています。こうしたなかで社員に安心して働いてもらうためには、事業主が早めに契約更新の仕組み等を整えて試行錯誤していったほうがよいでしょう。
参考:高年齢者雇用安定法Q&A(高年齢者就業確保措置関係)
まとめ
2021年4月1日から企業の努力義務となった70歳までの就業確保(雇用延長)には、継続雇用制度の導入という選択肢があります。継続雇用制度には、再雇用制度と勤務延長制度の2種類があります。それぞれの特徴は、以下のとおりです。
【再雇用制度】
- 定年の年齢で一度退職をしたあと、これまでとは異なる雇用形態で再び雇い入れるもの
- 勤務延長制度より導入しやすい
- 個別の条件調整や定年前の役職・役割からの変更や、労使間における条件のミスマッチで、シニア社員のモチベーションが下がる可能性がある
【勤務延長制度】
- 定年退職日以降も、これまでと同じ雇用形態で働き続けられる仕組み
- 雇用形態・役職・賃金・仕事内容もほとんど変わらないため、シニア社員の不安・不満が生じにくい
- 企業側の人件費増加などが生じやすい
企業にとって個別調整の手間は生じますが、自由度が高く導入しやすいのは、再雇用制度といえるでしょう。
なお、再雇用制度や勤務延長制度を導入するときには、シニア社員に高いモチベーションで活躍してもらうためにも、以下の工夫や配慮をするとよいでしょう。
- スキルや業務内容に見合った賃金設定
- 勤務形態への配慮
- 健康や安全への配慮
- 知見や経験を活かせる配置
- 70歳までの契約更新の確保
高齢者雇用は、今後いずれの企業にとっても生じてくる問題です。対象者が少ない企業も早めに制度を整備して、シニア社員を戦力として活用する、シニア社員と現役社員・企業がwin-winに働けるようにするノウハウを模索しておいたほうがよいでしょう。
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株式会社ジェイック執行役員
古庄 拓
WEB業界・経営コンサルティング業界の採用支援からキャリアを開始。その後、マーケティング、自社採用、経営企画、社員研修の商品企画、採用後のオンボーディング支援、大学キャリアセンターとの連携、リーダー研修事業、新卒採用事業など、複数のサービスや事業の立上げを担当し、現在に至る。専門は新卒および中途採用、マーケティング、学習理論
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